Faculty Profiles

Mears, D. P., & Stafford, M. C. (n.d.). Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: The Science and Policy of Punishment. Cambridge University Press.

Stafford, M. C. (n.d.). J. Levin & J. B. Wiest’s Covert Violence: The Secret Weapon of the Powerless for Social Forces. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soae085

Mears, D. P., & Stafford, M. C. (2024). A theoretical critique of deterrence-based policy. Journal of Criminal Justice, 95, 102305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102305

Goncalves, V. S., & Stafford, M. C. (2024). The effects of Covid-19 stay-at-home orders on street and cybercrimes in a Brazilian city. Journal of Criminal Justice, 95, 102314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102314

Mears, D. P., & Stafford, M. C. (2024). Homicide and Criminal Justice Policy. In Routledge Handbook of Homicide Studies (pp. 529–563). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003399476-28

Mears, D. P., & Stafford, M. C. (2024). A reconceptualization of social bond theory to predict change sequences in offending. Crime & Delinquency, 70(1), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287221088000

Reinhard, D., & Stafford, M. C. (2023). Can Police Camping Ticket Geographies Facilitate Homeless Outreach? Identifying Harms and People in Homeless Encampments. GeoJournal, 88(6), 6247–6258.

Terranova, V. A., & Stafford, M. C. (2023). A Counterfactual Approach to the Study of DWI Recidivism.

Schildkraut, J., Stafford, M. C., Elsass, H. J. M., & Sheingold, J. (2022). Understanding more than 50 years of mass public shootings as a function of routine activities. Homicide Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/10887679221083607

Terranova, V., & Stafford, M. C. (2022). Examining Ignition-Interlock Post-Arrest Treatments. Justice Evaluation Journal. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2022.2147447

Mears, D. P., & Stafford, M. C. (2022). “Successful” Offending: The Salience of Performance Criteria for Understanding and Addressing Crime. Deviant Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2022.2135143

Mears, D. P., & Stafford, M. C. (2022). A Reconceptualization of Social Bond Theory to Predict Change Sequences in Offending. Crime & Delinquency. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287221088000

Diniz, A., & Stafford, M. C. (2021). Graffiti and Crime in Belo Horizonte:  The Broken Promises of Broken Windows Theory. Applied Geography, 131, 102459.

Reinhard, D. J., Stafford, M. C., & Payne, T. (2021). COVID-19 and Academia:  Considering the Future of Academic Conferencing. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 32(2), 171–185.

Stafford, M. C. (2021, April 23). Specific Deterrence. In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology (pp. 1–2). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeos1687

Terranova, V. A., Vandiver, D., & Stafford, M. C. (2019). Likelihood of arrest for robberies, assaults, and sexual offenses committed by group and lone offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/1.o0r.g1/107.171/0778/80688262065015919887722308

Stafford, M. C. (2018). Deterrence and Psychology. In R. Morgan (Ed.), Sage Encyclopedia of Criminal Justice. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

Schildkraut, J., Naman, B. M., & Stafford, M. C. (n.d.). Advancing responses to mass shootings using a routine activity approach. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 21(4), 346–361.

Vandiver, D. M., Braithwaite, J., & Stafford, M. C. (2018). An assessment of recidivism rates of female sexual offenders: Comparing recidivists and non-recidivists. American Journal of Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-018-9451-9

Vandiver, D., Brailthwaite, J., & Stafford, M. C. (2017). Sex crimes and sex offenders:  Research and realities. New York: Routledge.

Stafford, M. C. (2017). Deterrence and Imprisonment. In H. Griffin & V. Woodward (Eds.), Handbook of Corrections in the United States. New York: Routledge.

Stafford, M. C. (2017). Deterrence and Imprisonment. In Routledge Handbook of Corrections in the United States (pp. 3–14). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315645179-1

Stafford, M. C., & Vandiver, D. (2016). Public perceptions of sex crimes and sex offenders. In B. Francis & T. Sanders (Eds.), Oxford handbook of sex offences and sex offenders. New York: Oxford University Press.

Elsass, H. J. M., Schildkraut, J., & Stafford, M. C. (2016). Studying School Shootings:  Challenges and Considerations for Research. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(3), 444–464.

Stafford, M. C. (2016). New Call for Assessing the Effects of 21st Century Juvenile Diversion. Criminology and Public Policy, 15(3), 949–952.

Stafford, M. C. (2016). Deterrence Theory. In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology (pp. 1–2). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosd034.pub2

Stafford, M. C. (2015). Causation, Theory, and Policy in the Social Sciences. In R. Scott & S. Kosslyn (Eds.). New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

Stafford, M. C. (2015). Could It Happen Here?  Moral Panic, School Shootings, and Fear of Crime among College Students. Crime, Law and Social Change, 63, 91–110.

Stafford, M. C. (2015). Researching Professionals or Professional Researchers?  A Comparison of Professional Doctorate and PhD Programs in Criminology and Criminal Justice. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 183–198.

Stafford, M. C. (2015). [Review of Deterrence Theory, by J. D. Wright]. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.

Stafford, M. C. (2015). Deterrence Theory: Crime. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 255–259). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.45005-1

Stafford, M. C. (2014). Breaking News of Social Problems:  Examining Media Consumption and Student Beliefs About School Shootings. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society, 15(2), 31–42.

Stafford, M. C. (2013). A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence. In F. T. Cullen & R. Agnew (Eds.), Criminological Theory, Past to Present:  Essential Readings. Los Angeles: Oxford University Press.

Stafford, M. C. (2013). Evaluation of Children’s Aftercare Re-Entry Experience (CARE).

Stafford, M. C. (2012). Evaluation of Children’s Aftercare Re-Entry Experience (CARE).

Stafford, M. C. (2011). [Review of Deterrence Theory, by G. Ritzer & J. M. Ryan]. The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology.

Stafford, M. C. (2010). A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence. In F. T. Cullen & R. Agnew (Eds.), Criminological Theory, Past to Present:  Essential Readings. Los Angeles: Oxford University Press.

Stafford, M. C. (2010). [Review of Jack P. Gibbs:  Deterrence Theory, by F. T. Cullen & P. Wilcox]. Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory.

Stafford, M. C. (2010). [Review of Kirk R. Williams and Richard Hawkins:  Deterrence Theory and Non-Legal Sanctions, by F. T. Cullen & P. Wilcox]. Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory.

Stafford, M. C. (2010). Causation in Criminological Theories and Research.

Stafford, M. C., & Ferrara, M. L. (2010). Proposed Methodology for Sex Offender Deregistration.

Stafford, M. C. (2009). Rational Choice, Deterrence, and Theoretical Integration. In S. Henry & S. A. Lukas (Eds.), Recent Developments in Criminal Theory. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing.

Stafford, M. C. (2006). Rational Choice, Deterrence, and Theoretical Integration. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 571–585.

Stafford, M. C. (2006). A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence. In F. T. Cullen & R. Agnew (Eds.), Criminological Theory, Past to Present:  Essential Readings. Los Angeles: Oxford University Press.

Stafford, M. C. (2006). [Review of Deterrence Theory, by G. Ritzer]. Encyclopedia of Sociology.

Ward, D. A., Stafford, M. C., & Gray, L. N. (2006). Rational Choice, Deterrence, and Theoretical Integration. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(3), 571–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00061.x

Stafford, M. C. (2004). Juvenile Delinquency:  An International Perspective. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), Handbook of International Social Problems. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Stafford, M. C. (2004). A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence. In R. E. Wright & R. B. McNeal, Jr (Eds.), Boundaries:  Readings in Deviance, Crime and Criminal Justice. Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing.

Stafford, M. C. (2003). The Management of Emotions in the Criminal Justice System. Sociological Focus, 36, 179–196.

Stafford, M. C. (2003). A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence. In F. T. Cullen & R. Agnew (Eds.), Criminological Theory, Past to Present:  Essential Readings. Los Angeles: Oxford University Press.

Stafford, M. C. (2003). [Review of Social Deviance:  Testing A General Theory, by H. B. Kaplan & R. J. Johnson]. American Journal of Sociology.

Stafford, M. C. (2002). Juvenile Delinquency. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Child Development. New York: Macmilan.

Stafford, M. C. (2002). Rehabilitation in America:  The Philosophy and Methods, From Past to Present. In A. DUff & I. Weijers (Eds.), Punishing Juveniles:  Principle and Critique. Oxford: Hart.

Stafford, M. C. (2002). Comparative Juvenile Justice:  United States. In J. A. Winterdyk (Ed.), Comparative Juvenile Justice. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, Inc.

Stafford, M. C. (2002). Central Analytical Issues in the Generation of Cumulative Sociological Knowledge. Sociological Focus, 35, 5–24.

Stafford, M. C. (2001). Choice Models of Deterrence:  Another Look. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 2292–2300.

Stafford, M. C. (2001). [Review of Deterrence Theory, by N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes]. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.

Stafford, M. C. (2000). [Review of Concept of Deterrence, by P. Adler]. Encyclopedia of Criminology and Deviant Behavior:  Volume One, Historical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Issues.

Stafford, M. C., & Empey, L. T. (1999). American Delinquency: Its Meaning and Construction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Stafford, M. C. (1999). [Review of The Influence of Delinquent Peers:  What They Think Or What They Do?, by F. R. Scarpitti & A. L. Nielsen]. Crime and Criminals: Contemporary and Classic Readings in Criminology.

Stafford, M. C. (1997). Comparative Juvenile Justice:  United States. In J. A. Winterdyk (Ed.), Comparative Juvenile Justice. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, Inc.

Stafford, M. C. (1996). A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence. In L. Siegel & P. Cordella (Eds.), Contemporary Criminological Theory. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Stafford, M. C. (1996). [Review of The Influence of Delinquent Peers:  What They Think Or What They Do?, by D. G. Rojeck & G. F. Jensen]. Exploring Delinquency:  Causes and Control.

Stafford, M. C. (1996). [Review of Fear of Victimization:  A Look at the Proximate Causes, by R. D. Crutchfield]. Essays and Readings in Criminology.

Stafford, M. C. (1995). Children’s Legal Rights in the U.S. Marriage and Family Review, 21(3/4), 121–140.

Stafford, M. C. (1995). [Review of Inequality, Crime, and Social Control, by G. S. Bridges & M. A. Myers]. Contemporary Sociology.

Stafford, M. C. (1994). Deterrence, Opportunity, and Choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1777–1793.

Ward, D. A., Stafford, M. C., Gray, L. N., & Menke, B. A. (1994). Deterrence, Opportunity, and Choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(20), 1777–1793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01574.x

Stafford, M. C. (1993). A Theory About Disputes and the Efficacy of Control. In R. B. Felson & J. T. Tedeschi (Eds.), Aggression and Violence:  Social Interactionist Perspectives. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Stafford, M. C. (1993). A Theory of Problem-Solving Behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56, 157–177.

Stafford, M. C. (1993). A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 123–135.

Stafford, M. C. (1992). Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence. Social Forces, 70, 725–744.

Tittle, C. R., & Stafford, M. C. (1992). Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence. Social Forces, 70(3), 725. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579751

Stafford, M. C., & Empey, L. T. (1991). American Delinquency: Its Meaning and Construction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Stafford, M. C. (1991). Rewards and Punishments in Complex Human Choices. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 318–329.

Stafford, M. C. (1991). The Influence of Delinquent Peers:  What They Think Or What They Do? Criminology, 29, 851–866.

Stafford, M. C. (1990). Lifestyle Changes and Risks of Criminal Victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 6, 357–376.

Stafford, M. C. (1990). Marital Status and Suicide: Within-Column Tests of the Status Integration Theory. Family Perspective, 24(1), 15–31.

Stafford, M. C. (1989). [Review of From Boy to Man, From Delinquency to Crime, by M. E. Wolfgang, T. P. Thornberry, & R. M. Figlio]. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

Stafford, M. C. (1988). Changing Age Pattern of U.S. Male and Female Suicide Rates, 1934-1983. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 18, 63–149.

Stafford, M. C. (1988). Change in the Relation between Marital Integration and Suicide Rates. Social Forces, 66, 1060–1079.

Stafford, M. C. (1988). On Choice Behavior in Individual and Social Situations. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 58–65.

Stafford, M. C., & Gibbs, J. P. (1988). Change in the Relation between Marital Integration and Suicide Rates. Social Forces, 66(4), 1060. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579436

Miethe, T. D., Stafford, M. C., & Long, J. S. (1987). Social Differentiation in Criminal Victimization: A Test of Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theories. American Sociological Review, 52(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095447

Stafford, M. C. (1986). Stigma, Deviance, and Social Control:  Some Conceptual Issues. In S. C. Ainlay (Ed.), The Dilemma of Difference:  A Multidisciplinary View of Stigma. New York: Plenum.

Stafford, M. C. (1986). Modeling the Deterrent Effects of Punishment. Social Psychology Quarterly, 49, 338–347.

Stafford, M. C. (1986). Sanctions, Modeling, and Deviant Behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 14(6), 501–508.

Stafford, M. C. (1985). Public Perceptions of Social Problems:  Some Propositions and a Test. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 21, 307–316.

Stafford, M. C. (1985). Observational and Experiential Effects in Probability Learning:  The Case of a Deviant Behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 78–85.

Stafford, M. C. (1985). A Major Problem With the Theory of Status Integration and Suicide. Social Forces, 63, 643–660.

Stafford, M. C. (1985). Victimization Rates, Exposure to Risk, and Fear of Crime. Criminology, 22, 173–185.

Stafford, M. C., & Warr, M. (1985). Public Perceptions of Social Problems: Some Propositions and a Test. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 21(3), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/002188638502100306

Stafford, M. C. (1984). Gang Delinquency. In R. F. Meier (Ed.), Major Forms of Crime. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Stafford, M. C. (1984). The Normative Erosion Hypothesis:  The Latent Consequences of Juvenile Justice Practices. Sociological Quarterly, 25, 373–384.

Stafford, M. C. (1984). Public Goals of Punishment and Support for the Death Penalty. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21, 95–111.

Stafford, M. C. (1983). Fear of Victimization:  A Look at the Proximate Causes. Social Forces, 61, 1033–1043.

Stafford, M. C. (1982). On Social Learning and Deviant Behavior:  A Reappraisal of the Findings" (A Comment on Akers et al.). American Sociological Review, 47, 167–169.

Stafford, M. C., & Ekland-Olson, S. (1982). On Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Reappraisal of the Findings. American Sociological Review, 47(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095053

Stafford, M. C. (1981). [Review of Social Sources of Delinquency:  An Appraisal of Analytic Models, by R. R. Kornhauser]. Contemporary Sociology.

Stafford, M. C. (1980). Crime Rates in an Ecological Context:  Extension of a Proposition. Social Science Quarterly, 61, 653–665.

Stafford, M. C. (1980). [Review of Juvenile Justice:  The Progressive Legacy and Current Reforms, by L. T. Empey]. Contemporary Sociology.

Stafford, M. C. (1978). [Review of Victims of Change:  Juvenile Delinquents in American Society, by H. Finestone]. Contemporary Sociology.

Stafford, M. C. (1978). [Review of Criminology:  Power, Crime, and Criminal Law, by J. F. Galliher & J. L. McCartney]. Contemporary Sociology.

Stafford, M. C. (1920). [Review of Love and the American Delinquent:  The Theory and Practice of “Progressive” Juvenile Justice, by S. L. Schlussmann].