Portrait of Dr. Louie Dean Valencia

Dr. Louie Dean Valencia

  • Associate Professor at History, College of Liberal Arts

Scholarly and Creative Works

2024

  • Valencia, L. D., & Wilson, J. (2024). European Histories, Australian Anxieties: The Christchurch Killer in Context. In L. M. Hernández Aguilar & S. Bracke (Eds.), Politics of Replacement: Demographic Fears, Conspiracy Theories, and Race Wars. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/The-Politics-of-Replacement-Demographic-Fears-Conspiracy-Theories-and/Bracke-Aguilar/p/book/9781032304069

2023

  • Taylor, N., Valencia, L. D., VandenBroek, A. K., Stinnett, A., & Allen, A. (2023). Ethics and Images in Social Media Research. First Monday, 28(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i4.12680

2022

  • Valencia, L. D. (2022). “MMMBop: From Analogue to Digital, Oklahoma to the Internet.” In A. Siddiqi (Ed.), One-Track Mind: Capitalism, Technology, and the Art of the Pop Song (pp. 204–224). London, United Kingdom: Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/One-Track-Mind-Capitalism-Technology-and-the-Art-of-the-Pop-Song/Siddiqi/p/book/9780367553722

2021

  • Valencia, L. D. (2021). The Resurgence of Fascism and Nuclear Armament. In H. Kamar (Ed.), Nuclear Anxiety. New York City, NY, United States: Greenhaven Publishing.
  • Valencia, L. D. (2021, August). Remembering the Spanish Civil War. Political Extremism. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Case Studies. Retrieved from https://link.gale.com/apps/portal/SSQFTB205351705/GCSS?u=lvalenca&sid=bookmark-GCSS&xid=bb1d91f1
  • Valencia, L. D. (2021). “Empire and Civil Rights in Franco’s Spain.” In S. Eastman, S. J. Jacobson, & V. Sanz (Eds.), Rethinking Spain’s Atlantic Empire in the Nineteenth Century: Christopher Schmidt-Nowara’s Histories of Spain and the Antilles (pp. 168–181). New York, NY, United States: Berghahn Books. Retrieved from https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/EastmanRethinking
  • Valencia, L. D. (2021). Amid COVID-19, Trump Attempts to Rewrite History. In T. Bar-On & B. Molas (Eds.). Hannover, Germany: Ibidem-Verlag/Columbia University Press. Retrieved from https://cup.columbia.edu/book/responses-to-the-covid-19-pandemic-by-the-radical-right/9783838214887
  • Valencia, L. D. (2021). “This is American fascism.” Open Democracy. London, United Kingdom: Open Democracy/Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/american-fascism/

2020

  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “Tintin in the Movida Madrileña: Race and Gender in the Madrid Comic Book Zine Scene.” In A. Magnussen (Ed.), Spanish Comics: Historical and Cultural Perspectives. Berghahn Press. https://doi.org/10.3167/eca.2018.110202
  • Valencia, L. D., & Ducros, H. (Eds.). (2020). Imagining, Thinking, and Teaching Europe. EuropeNow. New York City, NY, United States of America: Council for European Studies. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/06/02/imagining-thinking-and-teaching-europe/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). Far-Right Revisionism and the End of History: Alt/Histories. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Far-Right-Revisionism-and-the-End-of-History-Alt-Histories-1st-Edition/Valencia-Garcia/p/book/9780367460082
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “Pluralism at the Twilight of Franco’s Spain: Antifascist Practice and Methodologies.” Fascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. https://doi.org/10.1163/22116257-09010001
  • Valencia, L. D., & Ducros, H. (2020). “From Western Civilization to Critical European Studies.” In E. Jones (Ed.), European Studies: Past, Present and Future. New York, USA: Agenda Publishing/Columbia University Press. Retrieved from http://cup.columbia.edu/book/european-studies/9781788212830
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “How the El Paso Terrorist’s Manifesto Echoes Trump’s Rhetoric.” In E. Leidig (Ed.), Mainstreaming the Global Radical Right. Ibidem/Columbia University Press. Retrieved from https://cup.columbia.edu/book/mainstreaming-the-global-radical-right/9783838214467
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). Imagining Europe, Citizenship, and Research in the Time of HIV/AIDS. EuropeNow, (Summer). Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/06/02/imagining-europe-citizenship-and-scholarship-in-the-time-of-hiv-aids/
  • Valencia, L. D., Beck-King, N., Bowland, C., Cangas, A., Cross, E., Fallis, S., … Stanley, P. (2020). The Myths of Western Civilization: Decolonizing and Queering European History. EuropeNow, (Summer). Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/06/02/the-myths-of-western-civilization-decolonizing-and-queering-european-history-2/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020, July). The Myths of Western Civilization: Decolonizing and Queering European History Syllabus. EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/06/02/the-myths-of-western-civilization-decolonizing-and-queering-european-history/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020, July). Language and Culture Across Borders and in the Classroom: A Conversation with Olimpia Muñoz-López, Victoria Hernández Pando, Ana Griñon, Niamh Kelly, and Jakob Romine. EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/06/02/language-and-culture-across-borders-and-in-the-classroom-a-conversation-with-olimpia-lopez-victoria-pando-ana-grinon-niamh-kelly-and-jakob-romine/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020, July). Before Trans: Three Gender Stories from Nineteenth-Century France. EuropeNow. New York, NY, United States of America: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/06/02/june-2020-2/
  • Valencia, L. D., Tuters, M., Giorgi, G., Jurg, D., de Keulenaar, E., Kisjes, I., & Wilson, J. (2020). “Esoteric Fascism Online: 4chan and the Kali Yuga.” In Far-Right Revisionism and the End of History: Alt/Histories. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “Far-Right Revisionism and the End of History.” In Far-Right Revisionism and the End of History: Alt/Histories (pp. 3–26). London, United Kingdom: Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Far-Right-Revisionism-and-the-End-of-History-AltHistories/Valencia-Garcia/p/book/9780367460082
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “The Rise and Fall of the Far-Right in the Digital Age.” In Far-Right Revisionism and the End of History: Alt/Histories. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020, April). Epidemics and the Modern World. EuropeNow. New York, NY, United States of America: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/04/27/april-2020-2/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “Lessons From The Spanish Civil War For A Divided Left.” Rantt. Washington D.C.: Rantt Media. Retrieved from https://rantt.com/lessons-from-the-spanish-civil-war-for-a-divided-left
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “Amid COVID-19, Trump Attempts To Rewrite History.” Rantt. Washington D.C.: Rantt Media. Retrieved from https://rantt.com/harry-styles-taylor-swift-combat-the-radical-right
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “Pop Stars Are Combating The Radical Right In New Ways.” Rantt. Washington D.C.: Rantt Media. Retrieved from https://rantt.com/harry-styles-taylor-swift-combat-the-radical-right
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020, January). Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking. EuropeNow. New York, NY, United States of America: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/01/15/january-2020-2/
  • Valencia, L. D., Reijnen, C., de Bruin, R., Vos, C., Zuidhof, P. W., & van Dijk, B. (2020, January). “Campus Spotlight: University of Amsterdam.” EuropeNow. New York, United State of America: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/01/15/campus-spotlight-university-of-amsterdam/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “OK, Boomer: Understanding Today’s Generational Divide.” Fair Observer. London, England: Fair Observer. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20200109180715/https://www.fairobserver.com/culture/ok-boomer-generational-divide-millennials-politics-culture-news-90087/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2020). “Is Antifa the Answer to Today’s Fascism?” Fair Observer. London, England: Fair Observer. Retrieved from https://www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/louie-dean-valencia-garcia-political-anarchism-history-antifa-protests-us-news-16211/

2019

  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “Is He a Fascist? The Election of Jair Bolsonaro.” In Tracking the Rise of the Radical Right Globally. Stuttgart, Germany: ibidem-Verlag Press/Columbia University Press. Retrieved from https://cup.columbia.edu/book/tracking-the-rise-of-the-radical-right-globally/9783838213262
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, October). The Unsettling of Europe: How Migration Reshaped a Continent. EuropeNow. New York, NY, United States of America: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2019/10/28/october-2019/
  • Valencia, L. D., Bringoli, N., Filippi, E., Giorgi, G., Jurg, D., de Keulenaar, E., … Wilson, J. (2019). “The Secret Histories of 4chan/pol: Kali Yuga and the ‘Clash of Civilisation.’” Amsterdam, The Netherlands: University of Amsterdam. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20191201030659/https://wiki.digitalmethods.net/Dmi/ProjectTemplate
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “The memory of Generalisimo Francisco Franco is still alive.” Open Democracy. London, United Kingdom: Open Democracy/Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/memory-generalisimo-francisco-franco-still-alive/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “This is What ‘Peaceful Ethnic Cleansing’ Looks Like.” Rantt. Washington D.C.: Rantt Media. Retrieved from https://rantt.com/trump-immigration-policies-white-supremacy/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, September). Flamenco Nation: The Construction of Spanish National Identity. EuropeNow. New York, NY, United States of America: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2019/09/09/september-2019-2/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, August 26). “Los choques y altibajos de la civilización occidental.” Open Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/ups-and-downs-and-clashes-western-civilization/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “How The El Paso Terrorist’s Manifesto Echoes Trump’s Rhetoric.” Rantt. Washington D.C.: Rantt Media. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190806155011/https://rantt.com/how-the-el-paso-terrorists-manifesto-echoes-trumps-rhetoric/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “The ups and downs and clashes of Western civilization.” Open Democracy. London, United Kingdom: Open Democracy/Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/ups-and-downs-and-clashes-western-civilization/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, June). Tsunami: Miradas Feministas. EuropeNow. New York, NY, United States of America: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2019/06/10/june-2019-2/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, June 18). “Trump and The Global Resurgence of Fascism.” Rantt. Retrieved from https://rantt.com/trump-and-the-global-resurgence-of-fascism/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “An Impulsive Teenager from the Future: Virtual Realities, Memory, and Imagining the Digital Future at the Turn of the Millennium.” In J. J. Darowski (Ed.), The Ages of the Flash: Essays on the Fastest Man Alive (pp. 138–150). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. Retrieved from https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/the-ages-of-the-flash/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, May). Spain at War: Society, Culture, and Mobilization, 1936-44. EuropeNow. New York, NY, United States of America: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2019/05/06/may-2019/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, April). Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2019/04/04/april-2019/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “Jim Carrey, Mussolini and the Politics of Comics.” Open Democracy. London, United Kingdom: Open Democracy/Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/jim-carrey-mussolini-and-politics-comics/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “Locating the Radical Right in an Age of Radical Climate Change.” Radical Right Analysis. London, United Kingdom: Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20210427230917/https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2019/03/18/locating-the-radical-right-in-an-age-of-radical-climate-change/
  • Valencia, L. D., & Field, C. (2019). “Reinventing a Carnivalesque Public Sphere: (Re)imagining and (Re)drawing Madrid in the Long 1970s.” In “I’m Just a Comic Book Boy”: Essays on the Intersection of Comics and Punk. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, February). Hitler’s American Friends: The Third Reich’s Supporters in the United States. EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2019/02/04/february-2019-2/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019, February 8). “The Ethics of Consuming Fascism.” Fair Observer. Retrieved from https://www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/radical-right-alt-right-fascism-academia-ethics-75080/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2019). “Locating Dictatorship in the Anthropocene: Historiographic Trends in the History of Science and Technology and the Study of European Authoritarianism.” Contemporary European History. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777318000644

2018

  • Valencia, L. D. (2018). Antiauthoritarian Youth Culture in Francoist Spain: Clashing with Fascism. London, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Academic. Retrieved from https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/antiauthoritarian-youth-culture-in-francoist-spain-9781350038479/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018). The Seed of Texas: An Interactive Exploration of Bexar County History. Bexar County. Retrieved from https://heritage.bexar.org
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018). “Tintin in the Movida Madrileña: Race and Gender in the Madrid Comic Book Zine Scene.” European Comic Art. https://doi.org/10.3167/eca.2018.110202
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, December). Twists of Fate [Review of Twists of Fate, by P. Roca]. EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/11/07/december-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018). “Spain First: The Return of the Falange.” Radical Right Analysis. London, United Kingdom: Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right. Retrieved from https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2018/12/10/spain-first-the-return-of-the-falange/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018). “Vox and the Return of the Radical Right in Spain.” Radical Right Analysis. London, United Kingdom: Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right. Retrieved from https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2018/12/07/4022/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, November). Peace and Power in Cold War Britain: Media, Movements and Democracy, c.1945-68 [Review of Peace and Power in Cold War Britain: Media, Movements and Democracy, c.1945-68, by C. R. Hill]. EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/11/06/november-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018). “In Remembrance of Kristallnacht.” EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University/Open Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/11/09/in-remembrance-of-kristallnacht/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, October). Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age [Review of Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age, by D. Zuckerberg]. EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/10/01/october-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, September). Heidegger and the Jews: The Black Notebooks [Review of Heidegger and the Jews: The Black Notebooks, by D. Di Cesare]. EuropeNow. New York, NY, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/09/04/september-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D., & Morris, D. (2018, July). The Lives of the Surrealists. EuropeNow. New York, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/07/01/july-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, June). Los olvidados de los olvidados: Un siglo y medio de anarquismo en España. EuropeNow. New York, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/06/04/june-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, May). The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America [Review of The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America, by T. Snyder]. EuropeNow. New York, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/04/30/may-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, April). Postwar Europe and the Eurovision Song Contest [Review of Postwar Europe and the Eurovision Song Contest, by D. Vuletic]. EuropeNow. New York, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/04/16/april-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, March). The Extreme Gone Mainstream: Commercialization and Far Right Youth Culture in Germany [Review of The Extreme Gone Mainstream: Commercialization and Far Right Youth Culture in Germany, by C. Miller-Idriss]. EuropeNow. New York, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/02/28/march-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018). “The Rise of the European Far-Right in the Internet Age.” EuropeNow. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/01/31/the-rise-of-the-european-far-right-in-the-internet-age/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, February). The Prado: Spanish Culture and Leisure, 1819-1939 [Review of The Prado: Spanish Culture and Leisure, 1819-1939, by E. Afinoguénova]. EuropeNow. New York, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/01/31/february-2018/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2018, January 11). “Do You Have a Band?”: Poetry and Punk Rock in New York City [Review of “Do You Have a Band?”: Poetry and Punk Rock in New York City, by D. Kane]. Gotham. New York City, NY, United States: The Gotham Center for New York City History, CUNY Graduate Center. Retrieved from https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/daniel-kanes-poetry-and-punk-rock-in-nyc

2017

  • Valencia, L. D. (2017, December). The Struggle for Catalonia [Review of The Struggle for Catalonia, by R. Minder]. EuropeNow. New York, USA: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from http://www.europenowjournal.org:80/2017/12/05/december-2017/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2017, November). The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution [Review of The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution, by Y. Slezkine]. EuropeNow. New York, NY, United States: Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from http://www.europenowjournal.org/2017/11/01/november-2017/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2017, October). Arresting Development: Comics at the Boundaries of Literature. Inks: The Journal of the Comics Studies Society. The Ohio State University Press. Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/668118
  • Valencia, L. D. (2017, June). The Classical Debt: Greek Antiquity in an Era of Austerity [Review of The Classical Debt: Greek Antiquity in an Era of Austerity, by S. Kuss]. Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2017/06/05/june-2017/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2017, April). German Colonial Wars and the Context of Military Violence [Review of German Colonial Wars and the Context of Military Violence, by P. M. Judson]. Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20171218111026/http://www.europenowjournal.org:80/2017/04/03/april-2017/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2017). “A League of Orphans and Single Parents: Making a Family in an Era of ‘Father Knows Best.” In J. J. Darowski (Ed.), The Ages of the Justice League: Essays on America’s Greatest Superheroes in Changing Times (pp. 18–32). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. Retrieved from https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/the-ages-of-the-justice-league/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2017, March). Far-Right Politics in Europe [Review of Far-Right Politics in Europe, by J.-Y. Camus & N. Lebourg]. Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2017/02/28/march-2017/
  • Valencia, L. D. (2017, January). The Nazi-Fascist New Order for European Culture [Review of The Nazi-Fascist New Order for European Culture, by B. G. Martin]. Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2017/01/04/january-2017/

2016

  • New York at Its Core. Digital totem display presentation and research, Permanent Exhibition. 2016
  • Valencia, L. D. (2016, November). The Habsburg Empire: A New History [Review of The Habsburg Empire: A New History in EuropeNow, by P. M. Judson]. Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://www.europenowjournal.org/2016/10/31/editors-pick-issue-1/
  • Jitterbuggin’ in Harlem: Bringing Swing to the World, Harlem Swing Dance and Lindy Hop Collection. Pop-up Exhibition. February 2016
  • Carl Van Vechten: The Harlem Renaissance and Beyond. Exhibition. November 2015 - February 2016

2014

  • Valencia, L. D. (2014). “Madrid Kills Me: Late Nights in the Movida Madrileña.” In The Gallows Are Busy.

2013

  • Valencia, L. D. (2013). “Acción, meditaciones y muerte de Juan Bravo, de la colección La Banda de Moebius, editada por Luis Manuel Rodríguez Editor.” In Colección: E-libros: El paraíso de las islas. Archivo de la Frontera. Retrieved from http://www.archivodelafrontera.com/galeatus/accion-meditaciones-y-muerte-de-juan-bravo-de-la-coleccion-la-banda-de-moebius-editada-por-luis-manuel-rodriguez-editor-expediente-del-1-2-de-febrero-de-1978-con-informe-del-lector-20-y-resoluci/

2012

  • Valencia, L. D. (2012). “Truth, Justice and the American Way in Franco’s Spain.” In J. J. Darowski (Ed.), The Ages of Superman: Essays on the Man of Steel in Changing Times. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
  • Occupy ______: What is this Global Youth Movement?. Photo gallery exhibition at The Gallery of the Common Experience. 2011 - 2012

2005

  • Olson, D., Doescher, R., Valencia, L. D., Holsinger, K., & Ralph, A. (2005). “Ansel Adams and the Autumn Moon.” Sky and Telescope Magazine. Retrieved from https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/4036/fulltext.pdf