Portrait of Dr. Ivan Castro-Arellano

Dr. Ivan Castro-Arellano

  • Professor at Biology, College of Science & Engineering

Scholarly and Creative Works

2026

  • Guevara, L., Castro-Arellano, I., & Villalva Almendra, A. (n.d.). Casiomys guerrerensis. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. Pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Guevara, L., Castro-Arellano, I., & Stevens, N. (n.d.). Cryptotis alticola. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Cynomys mexicanus. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I., & Cuaron, A. (n.d.). Dasyprocta mexicana. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Habromys delicatulus. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Guevara, L., & Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Casiomys chapmani. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Guevara, L., Castro-Arellano, I., & Villalba Almendra, A. (n.d.). Casiomys rhabdops. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Peromyscus furvus (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I., & Alvarez-Castaneda, S. T. (n.d.). Peromyscus ochraventer (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Reithrodontomys burti. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. Pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Reithrodontomys hirsutus. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Reithrodontomys tenuirostris. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Rheomys thomasi. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Sciurus arizonensis. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Sigmodon alleni. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Sorex ixtlanensis. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Sorex macrodon. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (n.d.). Sorex milleri (Vol. pending). https://doi.org/pending

2025

  • Rooney, B., Mena, B. M., Klossing, B. E., & Castro-Arellano, I. (2025). SNAPSHOT USA 2019-2023: The first five years of data from a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 34(e13941). https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13941
  • Paul, D. L., Thompson, C., Castro-Arellano, I., & Soltis, P. S. (2025). Harnessing Natural History Collections for Collaborative Pandemic Preparedness. BioScience, (biaf035). https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaf035

2024

  • Tietjen, M., Esteve-Gassent, M., Castro-Arellano, I., Li, A., & Medina, R. (2024). Lack of host-associated differentiation in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 173, 183–191. https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13533

2023

  • Musila, S., Castro-Arellano, I., Siyingi, R., & Gichuki, N. (2023). Diversity of invertebrates in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and adjacent farmland, Gede-Kilifi county, Kenya. Journal of Zoological Research, 42(2). https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i2.4666
  • Arriaga-Flores, J. C., Moreno-Valdez, A., Castro-Arellano, I., Rodriguez Ruiz, E. R., & Venegas Barrera, C. (2023). Murcielagos. In La Biodiversidad en Tamaulipas.  Estudio de Estado.  Vol II (pp. 452–462). Mexico: Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.

2022

  • Salgado, R., Barja, I., Hernandez, M. del C., Basilio, L., Castro-Arellano, I., Bonacic, C., & Rubio, A. (2022). Activity patterns and interactions of rodents in an assemblage composed by native species and the introduced black rat: implications for pathogen transmission. BMC Zoology, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-022-00152-7
  • Haney, J., Veech, J. A., Castro-Arellano, I., & Fritts, S. R. (2022). Museum and citizen-science data indicate contraction in the range of the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). Herpetologica, 72, 102–109. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1655/Herpetologica-D-21-00022
  • Martinez-Borrego, D., Rogers, D., Arellano, E., Gonzalez-Cozatl, F., Castro-Arellano, I., & Leon-Paniagua, L. (2022). Molecular phylogenetics of the Reithrodontomys tenuirostris species group (Rodentia:Cricetidae) with focus in the Reithrodontomys microdon species complex. Journal of Mammalogy, 103(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab133

2021

  • Cordoba-Aguilar, A., Ibarra-Cerdeña, C., Castro-Arellano, I., & Suzan, G. (2021). Tackling zoonoses in a crowded world: lessons to be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Tropica, 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105780
  • Krishnavajhala, A., Armstrong, B., Kneubehl, A., Gunter, S., Piccione, J., Kim, H., … Lopez, J. (2021). Diversity and distribution of the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia turicatae. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009868
  • Tietjen, M., Esteve-Gassent, M., Castro-Arellano, I., & Medina, R. (2021). Genomic evidence for host associated differentiation in an animal parasite, Dermacentor variabilis, the american dog tick. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 105, 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13120

2020

  • Musila, S., Gichuki, N., Castro-Arellano, I., & Rainho, A. (2020). Compostion and divdersity of bat assemblages in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and the adjacent farmlands, Kenya. Mammalia, 84. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0117
  • Weaver, S., Jones, A., Hein, C., & Castro-Arellano, I. (2020). Estimating bat fatalities at a wind energy facility in south Texas: implications transcending the U.S.-Mexico border. Journal of Mammalogy. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa132
  • Modarelli, J., Westrich, B., Milholland, M., Tietjen, M., Castro-Arellano, I., Medina, R., & Esteve-Gassent, M. (2020). Prevalence of protozoan parasites in small and medium mammals in Texas, USA. International Journal of Parasitology, Parasites and Wildlife, 11, 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.02.005
  • Weaver, S., Hein, C., Simpson, T. R., Evans, J., & Castro-Arellano, I. (2020). Ultrasonic acoustic deterrents significantly reduce bat fatalities at wind turbines in Texas. Global Ecology and Conservation, 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01099
  • Alvarez-Castaneda, S. T., & Castro-Arellano, I. (2020). Neotoma angustapalata. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Vol. e.T14583A22371266). https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14583A22371266.en

2019

2018

2017

2016

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Arriaga-Flores, J. C., Gallo-Reynoso, J. P., & Rodríguez-Ruíz, E. R. (2016). Total leucism in Neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis annectens) from northern Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 61(1), 63–68.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Esteve-Gassent, M. D., Feria-Arroyo, T. P., Patino, R., Li, A., Medina, R. F., … Rodríguez-Vivas, R. I. (2016). Translating ecology, physiology, biochemistry and population genetics research to meet the challenge of tick and tick-borne diseases in North America. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 92(1), 38–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.21327
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Donaldson, T. G., Pérez de León, A. A., Wozniak, E., Boyle, W. K., Hargrove, R., … Lopez, J. E. (2016). Geographic distribution of Ornithodoros turicata:  Assessments based upon climate variation and host diversity. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004383
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Meng, H., Li, A. Y., Junior, L. M. C., & Liu, J. (2016). Evaluation of DEET and eight essential oils for repellency against nymphs of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 68(2), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-015-9994-0

2015

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Suzán, G., García-Peña, G. E., Rico, O., Rubio, A. V., Tolsá, M. J., … Guégan, J. (2015). Metacommunity and phylogenetic structure determine wildlife and zoonotic infectious disease patterns in time and space. Ecology and Evolution, 5, 865–873. https://doi.org/Http://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1404
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Esteve-Gassent, M. D., Grover, A., Feria-Arroyo, T. P., Medina, R. F., Gordillo-Pérez, G., & Pérez de León, A. A. (2015). Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks from wildlife hosts, a response to Norris et al. Parasites and Vectors, 8, 129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0739-z

2014

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Feria-Arroyo, T. P., Gordillo-Perez, G., Cavazos, A. L., Vargas-Sandoval, M., Grover, A., … Esteve-Gassent, M. D. (2014). Implications of climate change on the distribution of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis and risk for Lyme disease in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region. Parasites and Vectors, 7, 199. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-199
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Didelphimorphia, Philander opossum. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 80–82). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Otospermophilus atricapillus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 166–167). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Heteromys desmarestianus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 209–211). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Chaetodipus fallax. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 226–227). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Chaetodipus goldmani. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 228–229). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Chaetodipus intermedius. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 230–231). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Chaetodipus penicillatus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 234–235). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Chaetodipus pernix. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 235–236). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Cratogeomys castanops. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (p. 246). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Thomomys bottae. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 265–267). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Thomomys umbrinus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 267–269). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Oligoryzomys fulvescens. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 320–321). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Oryzomys nelsoni. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 332–333). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Peromyscus hooperi. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 363–364). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Peromyscus melanocarpus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 375–376). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Peromyscus melanurus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 379–380). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Peromyscus perfulvus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 388–390). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Peromyscus polius. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 390–391). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Rodentia, Peromyscus spicilegus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 397–398). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Cryptotis mexicana. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 459–460). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Cryptotis parva. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 462–463). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Sorex milleri. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (p. 478). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Sorex oreopolus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (p. 480). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Sorex sclateri. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 484–485). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Sorex stizodon. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 485–486). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Sorex ventralis. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 486–487). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Scalopus aquaticus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 491–492). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Insectivora, Scapanus latimanus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 494–495). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Chiroptera, Peropteryx kappleri. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 673–674). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Chiroptera, Peropteryx macrotis. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 674–675). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Chiroptera, Noctilio albiventris. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 751–752). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Chiroptera, Noctilio leporinus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 752–754). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Chiroptera, Molossus aztecus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 767–768). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Chiroptera, Molossus molossus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 769–770). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2014). Chiroptera, Molossus rufus. In G. Ceballos (Ed.), Mammals of Mexico (pp. 770–771). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Esteve-Gassent, M. D., Pérez de León, A., Romero-Salas, D., Feria-Arroyo, T. P., Patino, R., … Estrada-Franco, J. G. (2014). Pathogenic landscape of transboundary zoonotic diseases in the Mexico-US border along the Rio Grande. Frontiers in Public Health, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00177
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Talley, K., Green, C., Hahn, D., Gaedicke, C., & Forstner, M. R. J. (2014). Contribution of bridge dwelling birds to bacterial water quality impairments. Final Report for Project 0-6764 Prepared for the Texas Department of Transportation.

2013

  • Castro-Arellano, I., & Mancina, C. (2013). Unusual overlap in a phytophagous bat ensemble of Western Cuba. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 29, 511–521.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Almazán, C., & Comacho-Puga, E. (2013). First record of Ixodes scapularis in jaguars (Panthera onca). Southwestern Naturalist, 58, 126–127.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Rodríguez-Ruíz, E. R., Garcia-Jiménez, J., Moreno-Valdez, A., Comacho-Puga, E., & Yeberino-González, F. J. (2013). First specimens of the collared anteater (Tamandua mexicana) for Tamaulipas, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 58, 124–125.

2012

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Arriaga-Flores, J. C., Moreno-Valdez, A., & Correa-Sandoval, A. (2012). Temporal niche overlap of a riparian forest bat assemblage in subtropical Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología, Nueva Epoca, 2, 6–20.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Arellano, E., Suzán, G., González-Cozatl, F., & Morales-Jiménez, R. (2012). Seroprevalence to Hantavirus in wild rodents from the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Morelos. Western North American Naturalist, 72, 105–109.
  • Castro, I., Correa, A., Martinez, V., & Horta, J. (2012). Zoogeografia de los gasteropodos terrestres del sur de Tamulipas, Mexico. International Journal of Tropical Biology, 60, 317–331.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Rodríguez-Ruíz, E. R., & Valencia-Herverth, J. (2012). New records and appropriate northern range limit of pacas (Cuniculus paca) in Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 57, 219–221.

2011

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Willig, M. R., Presley, S. J., Bloch, C. P., Cisneros, L. M., Higgins, C. L., & Klingbeil, B. T. (2011). Tropical metacommunities and elevational gradients: disentangling effects of forest type from other elevational factors. Oikos, 120, 1497–1508.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Presley, S. J., Willig, M. R., Bloch, C. P., Higgins, C. L., & Klingbeil, B. T. (2011). A complex metacommunity structure for gastropods along an elevational gradient. Biotropica, 43, 480–488.

2010

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Lacher, Jr., T. E., Willig, M. R., & Rangel, T. (2010). Assessment of assemblage-wide temporal-niche segregation using null models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1, 311–318.
  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2010). Cronoecología y su aplicación al estudio de mamíferos. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Vol. 14, pp. 4–6).

2009

  • Castro-Arellano, I., & Lacher, Jr., T. E. (2009). Temporal niche segregation in two rodent assemblages of subtropical Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 25, 593–603.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Suzán, G., Flores-León, R., Morales-Jiménez, R., & Lacher, Jr., T. E. (2009). Survey for antibody to hantaviruses in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 45, 207–212.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Presley, S. J., Saldanha, L. N., Willig, M. R., & Wunderle, Jr., J. M. (2009). Reduced-impact logging and temporal activity of understorey bats in lowland Amazonia. Biological Conservation, 142, 2131–2139.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Presley, S., Willig, M. R., & Weaver, S. (2009). Effects of habitat conversion on temporal activity patterns of phyllostomid bats in lowland Amazonian rainforest. Journal of Mammalogy, 90, 210–221.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Presley, S. J., Willig, M. R., Saldanha, L. N., & Wunderle, J. (2009). Reduced-impact logging has little effect on temporal activity of frugivorous bats (Chiroptera) in lowland Amazonia. Biotropica, 41, 369–378.

2008

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Madrid, C., Lacher, Jr., T. E., & Leon-Paniagua, L. (2008). Hair trap efficacy to detecting mammalian carnivores in the tropics. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72, 1405–1412.

2007

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Presley, S. J., Saldanha, L. N., Willig, M. R., & Wunderle, Jr., J. M. (2007). Effects of reduced-impact logging on bat biodiversity in terra firme forest of lowland Amazonia. Biological Conservation, 138, 269–285.
  • Castro-Arellano, I., Suzán, G., Flores-León, R., Morales-Jiménez, R., & Lacher, Jr., T. E. (2007). First report of Hantavirus occurrence in the nimble-footed mouse, Peromyscus levipes, in northern Mexico. Peromyscus Newsletter.

2006

  • Castro-Arellano, I. (2006). Ecological patterns of the small mammal communities at el Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Tamaulipas, México. Mastozoología Neotropical, 13, 153–155.

2005

  • Castro-Arellano, I., & Lacher, Jr., T. E. (2005). A new record and altitudinal extensions for El Cielo Biosphere Reserve mammals, Tamaulipas, México. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología, 9, 150–154.

2001

  • Castro-Arellano, I., & Ortega, J. (2001). Artibeus jamaicensis. Mammalian Species, 663, 1–9.

2000

  • Castro-Arellano, I., Zarza, H., & Medellín, R. (2000). Philander opossum. Mammalian Species, 638, 1–8.